Prognostic Factors of Perceived Disability and Perceived Recovery After Whiplash: A Longitudinal, Prospective Study With One-year Follow-up.

OBJECTIVES: The understanding of the role that cognitive and emotional factors play in how an individual recovers from a whiplash injury is important. Hence, we sought to evaluate whether pain-related cognitions (self-efficacy beliefs, expectation of recovery, pain catastrophizing, optimism, and pessimism) and emotions (kinesiophobia) are longitudinally associated with the transition to chronic whiplash-associated disorders in terms of perceived disability and perceived recovery at 6 and 12 months. METHODS: One hundred sixty-one participants with acute or subacute whiplash-associated disorder were included. The predictors were: self-efficacy beliefs, expectation of recovery, pain catastrophizing, optimism, pessimism, pain intensity, and kinesiophobia. The 2 outcomes were the dichotomized scores of perceived disability and recovery expectations at 6 and 12 months. Stepwise regression with bootstrap resampling was performed to identify the predictors most strongly associated with the outcomes and the stability of such selection. RESULTS: Baseline perceived disability, pain catastrophizing, and expectation of recovery were the most likely to be statistically significant, with an overage frequency of 87.2%, 84.0%, and 84.0%, respectively. CONCLUSION: Individuals with higher expectations of recovery and lower levels of pain catastrophizing and perceived disability at baseline have higher perceived recovery and perceived disability at 6 and 12 months. These results have important clinical implications as both factors are modifiable through health education approaches.

Funcionalidad y fuerza de aductores en jugadores de hockey sobrepatines de alto nivel / Adductor functionality and strength in high-level rink hockey players

Objetivo: Evaluar la fuerza de los músculos aductores y la funcionalidad en jugadores de hockey sobre patines de alto nively su relación con sufrir dolor inguinal (DI) en la temporada anterior. Material y método: Se realizó un estudio transversal donde se registraron los valores de fuerza mediante el Squeeze Test de5 segundos (5SST), y la funcionalidad de la cadera e ingle mediante el cuestionario Hip and Groin Outcome Score (HAGOS) enuna población de 11 jugadores de hockey sobre patines de alto nivel. Resultados: La prevalencia total de DI fue de 81,8% (en la anterior temporada el 54% sufrió DI), de los cuales un 18,2% llegóa detener la práctica deportiva. La fuerza media para el 5SST es de 254,68N (3,25Nm/kg) y la funcionalidad alcanzó los 90/100puntos en el cuestionario HAGOS para toda la muestra. La fuerza muscular fue similar entre jugadores que habían sufridoDI con pérdida de tiempo durante la última temporada y jugadores sanos en (p =0,261-0,948; g: 0,04-0,85). Se encontrarondiferencias significativas en las siguientes subescalas del cuestionario HAGOS: Dolor, actividades deportivas y recreacionales,y calidad de vida entre ambos grupos (p =0,005-0,042; g: 0,34-2,65; r: 0,3-0,61). Conclusión: Más de la mitad de los jugadores sufrieron DI, de los cuales un tercio llegó a detener su actividad. La funcionalidadmedida a través del HAGOS se erige como el principal indicador que mostró diferencias entre grupos. Los servicios médicosde jugadores jóvenes de hockey sobre patines deberían usar este cuestionario para poder detectar precozmente la aparicióny evitar la progresión de esta lesión.(AU)

Objective: To evaluate adductor strength and groin function in high level rink hockey players and its relationship with groinpain in the previous season. Material and method: A cross-sectional study was performed where hip/groin strength and function was assessed via 5seconds Squeeze Test and Hip and Groin Ouctome Score in 11 high level rink hockey players. Results: Overall prevalence for groin pain was 81.8% (54% of the participants suffered groin pain during the previous season),and 18.2% suffered time-loss groin pain. Mean strength in the 5SST was 254.68N (3.25Nm/Kg) and HAGOS questionnairereached 90/100 points in the whole sample. Similar adductor strength values were observed between healthy athletes andpreviously injured who suffered time-loss groin pain (P=0.261-0.948; g: 0.04-0.85). Statistically significant differences werefound for the following HAGOS subscales: Pain, function, sports and recreational activities, and quality of life between groups(P=0.005-0.042; g: 0.34-2.65; r: 0.3-0.61). Conclusion: More than a half of the participants suffered groin pain, of which one third suffered time-loss groin pain. Functionassessed via HAGOS seems to be the main proxy that discriminates between groups. Medical staff should implement thisquestionnaire to detect and avoid the progression of this injury.(AU)

Datos normativos en población española adolescente y adulta en el test nistagmo post-rotatorio: estudio transversal / Normative data in spanish adult and adolescent population at post-rotatory nystagmus test: transversal study

Objetivos: conocer la duración media del reflejo vestíbulo-ocular tras la aplicación del test del nistagmo post-rotatorio en población mayor o igual a 13 años. Métodos: estudio transversal con una muestra de 163 participantes, sin patología relacionada con el sistema vestibular. Se mide la duración del reflejo vestíbulo-ocular tras la aplicación del nistagmo post-rotatorio. Resultados: para la muestra dividida en 3 grupos de edad (13-19 años; 20-41 años; y ≥ 41 años), la media del nistagmo post- rotatorio mostró una tendencia ascendente, con una correlación débil pero significativa. Conclusiones: conocer los datos normativos de la duración del reflejo vestíbulo-ocular tras la aplicación del nistagmo post- rotatorio en población mayor o igual a 13 años es clave para el estudio de diferentes patologías relacionadas con el sistema vestibular.(AU)

Objective: to know the average duration of the vestibulo-ocular reflex after the application of the post-rotational nystagmus test in population older than 12 years. Methods: Cross-sectional study with a sample of 163 participants, without pathology related to the vestibular system. The duration of the vestibulo-ocular reflex is measured after the application of the post-rotary nystagmus. Results: For the sample divided into 3 age groups (13-19 years; 20-41 years; and ≥41 years), the mean post-rotary nystagmus showed an upward trend, with a weak but significant correlation. Conclusions: Knowing the normative data of the duration of the vestibulo-ocular reflex after the application of post-rotary nystagmus in population aged 13 years or older is key to the study of different pathologies related to the vestibular system.(AU)

Self-efficacy beliefs mediate the association between pain intensity and pain interference in acute/subacute whiplash-associated disorders.

PURPOSE: To evaluate whether a set of pre-accident demographic, accident-related, post-accident treatment and psychosocial factors assessed in people with acute/subacute whiplash-associated disorders (WAD) mediate the association between pain intensity and: (1) pain interference and (2) expectations of recovery, using Bayesian networks (BNs) analyses. This study also explored the potential mediating pathways (if any) between different psychosocial factors. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study conducted on a sample of 173 participants with acute/subacute WAD. Pain intensity, pain interference, pessimism, expectations of recovery, pain catastrophizing, and self-efficacy beliefs were assessed. BN analyses were conducted to analyse the mediating effects of psychological factors on the association between pain intensity and pain-related outcomes. RESULTS: The results revealed that self-efficacy beliefs partially mediated the association between pain intensity and pain interference. Kinesiophobia partially mediated the association between self-efficacy and pain catastrophizing. Psychological factors did not mediate the association between pain intensity and expectations of recovery. CONCLUSION: These results indicate that individuals with acute/subacute WAD may present with lesser pain interference associated with a determined pain intensity value when they show greater self-efficacy beliefs. As the cross-sectional nature of this study limits firm conclusions on the causal impact, researchers are encouraged to investigate the role that patient's self-efficacy beliefs play in the transition to chronic WAD via longitudinal study designs.